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Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, and spent
childhood summers at his family's cottage in northern Michigan,
a setting that later appeared in many of his works. During
World War I, he served as an ambulance driver in Europe but
was hit by shrapnel within the first month of service and
sent home. He moved to Paris in 1920, and partly supported
by his journalism, partly supported by his wife's money, he
attempted to become a writer. Fitzgerald and Anderson helped
him get his short-story collection, In Our Time,
published in 1925. The next year he achieved instant celebrity
with the publication of The Sun Also Rises, a novel
written with his characteristically short, streamlined sentences
and sparse language. Hemingway's works are known for their
almost primitive masculinity, featuring such competitive displays
as hunting, bullfighting, and deep-water fishing. His many
novels include A Farewell to Arms (1929), For
Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man and the
Sea (1952), which won the Pulitzer Prize. Hemingway won
the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, but a head wound sustained
in a plane crash made his last years painful and increasingly
desperate. He killed himself in 1961.
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